Reiss GR, Werness PG, Zollman PE, Brubaker RF. Studies in the 1970s and 1980s conducted by Linus Pauling, Ewan Cameron, and colleagues suggested that large doses of vitamin C (10 g/day infused intravenously for 10 days followed by at least 10 g/day orally indefinitely) were helpful in increasing the survival time and improving the quality of life of terminal cancer patients (158). 2013;2(6):e000329. (PubMed), 121. JAMA. Endothelial dysfunction results in widespread vasoconstriction and coagulation abnormalities. 2008;87(1):64-69. In the second prospective cohort study, the Diet, Cancer and Health Study, 55,543 Danish adults (ages 50-64 years) were questioned at baseline about their lifestyle, diet, and supplement use during the previous 12 months (125). 1982;47(3):473-482. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Overall, an inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of NHL was observed. Mineral salts of vitamin C are considered less acidic than vitamin C and therefore are considered "buffered." Oregon State University, Reviewed in December 2018 by: A vitamin C deficiency equals a collagen deficiency. Vitamin C intake from diary recordings and risk of breast cancer in the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium. 2008;15(1):26-34. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007;12(3):230-238. 177. (PubMed), 204. Vitamin C also participates in redox recycling of other important antioxidants; for example, vitamin C is known to regenerate vitamin E from its oxidized form (see the article on Vitamin E). In a small, longitudinal biomarker study in 32 individuals with probable AD, a higher CSF-to-plasma vitamin C ratio at baseline was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline at one year of follow-up (103). 2011;26(3):309-318. Infection with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is known to increase the risk of stomach cancer and is associated with lower vitamin C content of stomach secretions (74, 75). Environ Health Perspect. Wei L, Liang G, Cai C, Lv J. Bjog. (PubMed), 190. Physiological availability of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid and palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid. Short-term supplementation with vitamin C was found to reduce endothelial dysfunction in subjects with heart failure, atherosclerosis, or diabetes mellitus, but it had no effect in those with hypertension. It is not intended as nutritional or medical advice for individual problems. Vitamin C. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, eds. Recent Advances in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Stroke. 2018;20(2):145-166. Am J Epidemiol. Combined evidence from metabolic, pharmacokinetic, and observational studies, and from randomized controlled trials supports consuming sufficient vitamin C to achieve plasma concentrations of at least 60 mol/L. Vitamin C Foundation Approved Cardio-C (Pauling-therapy) drink mix provides Linus Pauling's specific vitamin C and lysine. Vitamin C likely also plays a role in the maintenance of genome integrity and in the protection against cellular transformation through regulating DNA and histone demethylating enzymes (see Function) (165). PHS II found that vitamin C supplementation (500 mg/day) for an average of eight years had no significant effect on major cardiovascular events, total myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular mortality (53). Making sense of early high-dose intravenous vitamin C in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. 2014;4:283. cholesterol. Linus Pauling Institute (PubMed), 187. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. Vitamin C and A1c relationship in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. Podmore ID, Griffiths HR, Herbert KE, Mistry N, Mistry P, Lunec J. Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant properties. In parallel to these dietary assessment studies, a strong inverse association between plasma vitamin C and mortality from all-causes, cardiovascular disease, and ischemic heart disease (and cancer in men only) was observed in the EPIC-Norfolk multicenter, prospective cohort study (128). 2016;33(3):307-315. 2015;10(12):e0144920. 10th ed. Michels AJ, Joisher N, Hagen TM. Linus Pauling Institute Of note, because intravenous administration of 80 g of vitamin C precipitated hemolytic anemia in two subjects with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, patients due to receive high-dose vitamin C infusion are systematically screened for this genetic disorder (166). Kook SY, Lee KM, Kim Y, et al. In another randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in 28 critically ill patients with septic shock, infusion of 25 mg of vitamin C per kg every six hours for 72 hours significantly limited the requirement to vasopressor norepinephrinedecreasing both the dose and duration of treatmentand dramatically improved the 28-day survival rate (155). Therefore, as in many studies of vitamin C intake and chronic disease risk, it is difficult to separate the effects of vitamin C from the effects of other components of fruit and vegetables. Corvallis, Oregon 97331, phone: 541-737-5075 | fax: 541-737-5077 Controversy surrounding the efficacy of vitamin C in cancer treatment ensued, leading to the recognition that the route of vitamin C administration is critical (22, 159). Conde-Agudelo A, Althabe F, Belizan JM, Kafury-Goeta AC. Tower sells high-dose powdered vitamin C, lysine and proline-rich Lp (a) binding inhibitor drink mixes for cardiovascular disease as recommended by Nobel Prize winning scientist Linus Pauling. Divergent effects of alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C on the generation of dysfunctional HDL associated with diabetes and the Hp 2-2 genotype. Additional studies have reported that vitamin C enhances the chemotactic and microbial killing capacities of neutrophils and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B- and T-lymphocytes (reviewed in 18). Oregon State University, Updated in January 2006 by: Stephen R, Utecht T. Scurvy identified in the emergency department: a case report. In humans, vitamin C concentration is about 15 to 20 times higher in the aqueous humorfluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyethan in plasma, suggesting that the vitamin may be playing an important role in the eye (107). 2018;9:1182. 1999;181(4):1026-1035. Such a reduction falls within the range of assay variability and is unlikely to be clinically significant (121). Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. 2012;130(1):147-158. The effect of vitamin C, alone or with allopurinol, decreasing serum uric acid was modest and much less than that of allopurinol alone. It is also a common post-cardiac surgery complication, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (e.g., heart failure, stroke) and mortality. Lykkesfeldt J, Christen S, Wallock LM, Chang HH, Jacob RA, Ames BN. Decreased vitamin C concentrations in the lens of the eye have been associated with increased severity of cataracts (108). Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. Ascorbyl palmitate is marketed as "vitamin C ester," which should not be confused with Ester-C (see above). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Levy R, Shriker O, Porath A, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F. Vitamin C for the treatment of recurrent furunculosis in patients with impaired neutrophil functions. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014:416-426. 2015;20(2):210-223. 2013;5(12):5161-5192. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? The information on dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages contained on this website does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, and interactions. A history of scurvy and vitamin C. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. The effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins C and E in reducing myocardial infarct size in patients subjected to percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PREVEC Trial): study protocol for a pilot randomized double-blind controlled trial. Supplementation with vitamin C had no effect on the overall risk of cancer or on the risk of prostate, bladder, or pancreatic cancer; there was a marginal reduction in colorectal cancer incidence with vitamin C compared to placebo (82). One hundred percent absorption efficiency is observed when ingesting vitamin C at doses up to 200 mg at a time. (PubMed), 205. It is not known whether supplemental vitamin C could improve markers of glycemic control in subjects at risk of diabetes. Potential mechanisms of action for vitamin C in cancer: reviewing the evidence. (PubMed), 130. Sauberlich HE. 1998;36(3):143-147. Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. The mechanism(s) by which vitamin C reduces blood lead concentration is not known, yet it has been proposed that vitamin C could inhibit intestinal absorption (184)or enhance urinary excretion of lead (185). (PubMed), 81. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations relate inversely to blood pressure in human subjects. Vitamin C intake, circulating vitamin C and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Subcellular Biochemistry. 2001;21(3):235-237. Another meta-analysis of trials found no effect of vitamins E and C, alone or in combination, on measures of -cell function and insulin resistance(146). (PubMed), 114. Chen GC, Lu DB, Pang Z, Liu QF. Good quality long-term trials are needed to examine whether the anti-hypertensive effect of vitamin C is sustained over time and eventually results in a reduced risk of cardiovascular events. Retrospective in vitro colony formation assays revealed that patient leukemic cells displayed variable sensitivity to vitamin C treatment: leukemic cells from seven out of the nine patients who experienced a significant clinical benefit were sensitive to vitamin C in vitro (i.e., "responders"); the leukemic cells from the remaining six patients were not sensitive to vitamin C (i.e., "non-responders"). 2001;345(22):1583-1592. J Urol. To get the best results here, I recommend Cardio-C from the Vitamin C Foundation. Pharmacologic doses of ascorbate act as a prooxidant and decrease growth of aggressive tumor xenografts in mice. Faseb J. (PubMed), 156. Nature. Front Physiol. The potential effect of antioxidants during chemotherapy is not well understood, yet only likely to be an issue if a specific chemotherapeutic agent acts through an oxidative mechanism, which is uncommon (171). 2006;27(11):2250-2257. Linus Pauling Institute Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Finally, no significant effect of vitamin C supplementation (1-8 g/day) was observed in therapeutic trials in which vitamin C was administered after cold symptoms occurred. 2012(6):Cd004567. (PubMed), 54. J Transl Med. Administration of a 1-gram (g) vitamin C infusion one hour prior to the angioplasty reduced the concentrations of oxidative stress markers and improved microcirculatory perfusion compared to placebo (130). Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Ljung H, Bruce A, Wolk A. Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. 14. Low ascorbate levels are associated with increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity and an aggressive tumor phenotype in endometrial cancer. J Biol Chem. Vissers MCM, Das AB. Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. Roberts LJ, 2nd, Traber MG, Frei B. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in men. 2009;90(5):1252-1263. Plasma ascorbic acid, a priori diet quality score, and incident hypertension: a prospective cohort study. 1999;10(4):840-845. Fowler AA, 3rd, Syed AA, Knowlson S, et al. Ascorbate increases human oxaluria and kidney stone risk. Linus Pauling's Basic Vitamin Advice is Centered on Vitamin C, and adds: Vitamin E - 800 to 3200 iu Per Doctor Sinatra's Miracle of CoQ10 book, an epidemiological WHO study showed that heart attack is 70% more likely in people with low blood levels of vitamin E, than in people with high blood pressure or high choleserol.
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