in defense of archias summary

(2001) How to Make (and Break) a Cicero: Epideixis, Textuality, and Self-fashioning in the, Nesholm, E.J. While the defense of Archias relies on the Lex Julia and Lex Plautia Papiria, Cicero verges from the conventional legal dialogue. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. 3. Both poets were befriended by a leading family at Rome (Ennius by the Fulvii Nobiliores), taken on campaign by them, and granted citizenship through their influence; unlike Archias, however, Ennius was from Italy and wrote in Latin. As an honorary citizen of Heraclea, Archias satisfied condition (a), and as a long-standing resident of Rome he satisfied condition (b). In a possible reminiscence of this passage, Sallust tells us that Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus and the elder Scipio were said to have been spurred on to virtuous deeds by contemplating the masks of their ancestors (Jug. Consequently this passage, though it might formally be termed digressio, is, like other digressions in Ciceros speeches, central to the case. The next example, however, is that of Pompey giving Roman citizenship to Theophanes of Mytilene.31 This parallel is less valid since Theophanes was not a poet but a prose historian (scriptorem,writer, is the ambiguous word Cicero uses). But the Asiatic Greeks (and it was the Asiatic part of the Greek world from which Archias originated) are presented in uniformly negative terms. In 14 he introduces a new idea, that literature inspires men to perform acts of self-sacrifice for the state. (Cic. The fact that the encomium of literature is flagged in the exordium in this way helps to bind it more tightly into the overall structure of the speech. Such silences are thoughtful exclusions rather than negligent omissions and should be considered among the editions cardinal virtues. Clearly Cicero would not have jeopardized his relationship with such a family by refusing to defend their poet. During his school days, he showed "unusual talent as a poet.". But even if he has, the jury may still feel reluctant to acquit Archias, because they are prejudiced against him. 37.6). Quam multas nobis imagines non solum ad intuendum verum etiam ad imitandum fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt! At the risk of waxing biographical, as a Biology major at UC Berkeley I switched camps to Classics/CompLit largely because of Brian Krostenkos intermediate Latin course on Vergil: by drawing students attention to the Aeneids interconnection of language and theme, he gave life to the focus on Latin grammar and Vergilian hexameter. The digressio concludes ( 2830) with Ciceros admission that he too wishes to be immortalized in verse; as he has demonstrated, there are many honourable precedents for this. Also, teachers hoping to touch upon the basics of prose rhythm will miss the absence of vowel quantities in the vocabulary. So much for the historical circumstances; I now turn to examine the speech itself The structure is, in its main divisions, extremely straightforward. Cicero. Pro Archia Poeta Oratio. Introduction, Text, Vocabulary, and Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Art and Archaeology, Research Resources for Classical, Bilingualism and Multilingualism in the Roman World, Bronze Age Aegean, Death and Burial in the. Cicero's Defense Speech for the Poet Archias - Archive of Roman The brief introduction (Section B) includes the background of the trial, defense strategy, date, outcome (probably acquittal), and an outline of the speech. Ciceros main point here is that Archias poem honours not just Lucullus but the Roman people as well: this is meant to show that Archias is useful to the Roman people, and so ought to be cherished by them. Cf. This argument, understood literally, does in fact have some validity. Grattius, of course, has already delivered his speech, and has not asked such a question, but the question gives Cicero an excuse to embark upon his digression and, later, to parade Archias virtues. Porter (cited n. 14) 140 f.; MacKendrick (cited n. 16) 110 f. Cf. The view it would have taken of sophisticated Greek poetry can easily be surmised. In Defense of the Poet Archias by Joshua Lee - Prezi Rocks and deserts respond to the poets voice; ferocious wild animals are often turned aside by singing and stopped in their tracks: shall we, then, who have been brought up to all that is best, remain unmoved by the voice of a poet? He studied at his native city, and received a liberal education. He starts the confirmatio by asking himself a question on behalf of Grattius. The technique is similar to that employed the previous year in Pro Murena (Mur. Life of Archias. I suggest that, on the contrary, Ciceros defence is wholly unaffected by the fact that he is speaking before his brother, and that the reference at the end of the speech is no more than a friendly nod to someone who, until this moment, he has had to treat exactly as he would any other praetor. Several more arguments follow, but they are of little practical value since Cicero has already proved his case. He does so by presenting poetry in a particular way likely to appeal to his audience. In the first, 1217 (Porter and MacKendrick also agree on a break at around 17), Cicero discusses literature in general rather than specifically poetry (here I do disagree with Porter), and provides a series of arguments to show that literature is useful, or at least not harmful. Such language does not occur often in Ciceros speeches, at least after the earlier ones:27 as we have already observed, the style of this speech is pitched at a higher level than normal. Pro Archia - Everything2.com There was no official enrollment record for Archias in Heraclea because the records office had notoriously been destroyed during the, He also appeared in the records of the praetor. At Rome, Archias was accepted into the household of the Luculli. The sententious and lyrical language in which the point is made effectively proves the point ( 16): Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aetatum omnium neque locorum; at haec studia adulescentiam acuunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. Then these people seek out a foreigner even now after his death because he was a poet: Will we reject this man alive who is ours by both his will and laws when Archias has for so long applied all of his studies and genius entire towards honoring the glory in praise of the Roman people? Go fishing with the idea that Cicero (and classical authors tout court) keenly considered and combined form and content in a manner that was meaningful and not simply mechanical, and at least some students will bite.2 C. astutely notes how Cicero, while describing Archias attempts to obtain citizenship (section 7), imitates the language of the law he has just cited in order to suggest Archias compliance with it. Archias must indeed be a teacher of genius, the jury will conclude, if he taught Cicero to speak like this. Secondly, the digressio is an enjoyable diversion for the jurors (and also an intellectually undemanding one, despite Ciceros flattery). There are two pieces of misrepresentation in this sentence. It is perhaps most likely that Grattius was acting on his own initiative to avenge an imagined slight to his patron (who was still away in Asia)the slight being simply that Archias had given Lucullus extravagant praise in his poem on the Mithridatic War. The jury must be persuaded both that Archias is a Roman citizen and that he deserves to be one. However, it also provides an invaluable insight into the early stages of Ciceros senior statesman persona. The argument itself is feeble (if rhetorically neat) and requires no further comment. In this chapter I shall briefly review the historical circumstances of Archias trial, and then discuss the speech itself and some of the issues it raises, especially that of why the encomium of literature is included, and how it contributes to the defence. defense of Archias. The authority of these great Romans (all were consuls and two were also censor) wins Cicero his point after all; the technique is the same as that used at 6. To begin with, he was a Syrian by birth, a Greek-speaker from the eastern edge of the Empire. It could even be read as a sort of laudatio funebris for Archias, Cicero, and liberal learning. This sentence, with its elegant series of carefully balanced clauses, immediately raises the question of the style of the speech: with the exception, naturally, of the narratio, the speech is pitched at a higher stylistic level than is normal in Cicero. He reveals this thesis in lines 2022: He continues with this approach in the final lines of this section where he proposes that even if Archias were not enrolled as a citizen, his virtuous qualities should compel us to enroll him. In 62 BCE, the aging poet Aulus Licinius Archias was arraigned before the Praetor on a charge of having spent almost a quarter of a century fraudulently claiming to be a Roman citizen, thus breaking the Lex Papia de Peregrinis. Here it is done with charm. II 4.5; cf. First, then, let us review 1217. Here again we find the elevated and lyrical style used earlier at 16; the opinion of some scholars29 that this passage isturgid is refuted by Quintilian, who cites it, sometimes with explicit approval, no fewer than six times (Inst. When Cicero states Primum Antiochaenam ibi natus est loco nobilicelebri quondam urbe (section 4), he slips in the detail loco nobili not in praise of Antioch, but rather in order to designate Archias social standing: he was born there into a good/noble family (cf. The introductory material places the Pro Archia among Ciceros most aesthetically powerful orations and stresses the speechs championing of humanistic principles. In reality Archias, if he ever wore a toga at all, which is doubtful, would not have done so until 89, by which time he had been settled in Rome for thirteen years. In the narratio, the facts are very simply stated. BMCR provides the opportunity to comment on reviews in order to enhance scholarly communication. Bringing these considerations to class can also help teachers win over the next generation of students, given the practical pressures that equate getting students into the classroom with getting resources into the department. Such a characterization could not have been employed by Cicero unless the jury already held, or at least were disposed to hold, a similar view themselves. 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This is because he was my teacher. 5.8.3. The speech is rounded off with a brief conclusio ( 312). The Pro Archia, or, to give it its full (and translated) name, the Speech on Behalf of Aulus Licinius Archias the Poet, is a speech given by the Roman orator Cicero, in defence of Archias on the charge of falsely claiming to be a Roman citizen. The Lex Iulia granted Roman citizenship to all citizens of municipia on the Italic peninsula, provided they had not fought against Rome in the Social War. But Roscius was a figure who was familiar to the jury and entirely acceptable to them (partly, perhaps, on account of his high social status, unusual for an actor): Cicero now hopes that he can lay claim to that acceptance for Archias too. But for Cicero, the opportunity to make play with Marius name a third time was too tempting to pass up. What he does, in fact, is to base his defence upon a positive, robust view of literature (as we shall see below), and in this strategy the style of his speech, as displayed initially in the exordium, plays an integral part. If Archias was Ciceros grammatikos, he would have taught him to recite Homer and other Greek poets, and the vocal training that this involved may genuinely have helped him on his way to becoming a great orator. 5.113), and it was partly for Phaedrus sake that he intervened with C. Memmius to prevent him from demolishing Epicurus house in Athens (Fam. Cicero does not bother to mention the further censuses of 65 and 64, since the jury would be aware that they too had been abandoned. The chapter examines the style used by Cicero in Pro Archia and asks what it was about this particular case that led him to adopt such a style. He wisely refuses to encumber a students progression through the text (and therefore progress in Latin) with minutiae better left to more advanced readers, such as the distinction between a potentially less assertive certe scio and the less reluctant certo scio with which Cicero unreservedly concludes the speech. Just as in the exordium he makes clear that this was an unusual speech compared to the tradition of trials. Cicero immediately takes us into a world of intelligent culture in which he and Archias play a part, and in which the jury are flattered into fancying that they also belong. Readability remains the aim of the text offered to the student. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on In 13 he contrasts his own study of literature with the frivolous amusements of others: if others devote their spare time to the games, to parties, and dice, why should he not devote his to a pursuit which, he repeats, enables him to defend people in court? Archias was a Greek poet, a native of Antioch, who came to Rome in the train of Lucullus, when Cicero was a child. Cicero and his Italian Clients in the Forensic Speeches, The Rhetoric of Character in the Roman Courts, Audience Expectations, Invective, and Proof. 1.16.15), and will obviously have stopped short of Pompeys appointment. Mr. Whelan, a former U.S. Marine, was detained minutes after he was handed a USB stick by a Russian acquaintance that Russia maintains contained a classified list of its security agents. Again, in outlining the content of Platos Phaedo in Pro Scauro, he implies that he has not read the work, and adds, for the jurys benefit, that Plato was a great philosopher (Scaur. First we have Alexander at Sigeum, desiderating a Homer who could write of his achievements. 1. Cicero's client is not, as so often, a prominent Roman aristocrat accused of violence, bribery, or extortion, but a Syrian poet whose claim to Roman citizenship was disputed. It was Metellus Pius who had enrolled him as a citizen and whose careful records provided the documentary evidence that he needed to establish his claim to citizenship. Archias career is recounted up as far as his arrival in Rome in 102; Cicero impressively manages to connect him with both the consuls of that year, Marius and Catulus. 5.11.25, 8.3.75, 9.4.44, 11.1.34, 11.3.84, 11.3.167). The 2023 NFL Draft is officially in the books. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc homine delectemur. But while the Roman people are honoured, Lucullus too is given a full share of the glory ( 21): Nostra semper feretur et praedicabitur L. Lucullo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus depressa hostium classis est, incredibilis apud Tenedum pugna illa navalis, nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monumenta, nostri triumphi. Abstract. Cicero's 'Pro Archia Poeta' - UGA D. 1.79), wrote a poem on Roscius (Div. The notes to section 27 could offer more help with Fulvius non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. Volume Information - JSTOR There is also a further consideration. After this, Cicero goes on to declare that poets are divinely inspired, and hence sacred. His aim is to draw attention to Archias' profession and appeal to his value in Roman culture. A man of the name of These great men would surely never have taken up the study of literature had it not been of help to them in attaining and practicing excellence. Such poetry was unfamiliar to most Romans, and had not yet been widely imitated in Latin. I focus here on its usefulness to an introductory/intermediate-level university class, drawing partly upon my experience with C.s first edition to teach a third-semester Latin Prose course at Yale University in the Fall of 2003 to a group of 20 undergraduate and graduate students. Let us turn now to the digressio itself The structure of this passage is difficult to analyse. The exordium ends ( 4a) with a statement of what Cicero intends to prove: (i) that Archias is a Roman citizen, and (ii) that, were he not a citizen, he ought to be one (and ought therefore to be acquitted). Literature tells and celebrates achievements. The speech then comes to stand as proof of Archiass great teaching, as Ciceros exceptional command of language and rhetoric illustrates his teachers vast influence. In his argument, Cicero discusses the benefits of literature, the intrinsic dignity or virtue of poets and the relationship of the poet to the state. Abstract. as for the part of my speech which was out of keeping with the Forum and the tradition of the courtswhen I discussed my clients talents and literary studies in generalI hope that this has been received in good part by you, gentlemen, as I know it has been by the man who is presiding over this court. (DOC) Cicero's Defense of Archias: An Analysis of Cicero's Rhetorical Scholars all give the date as 62, citing our passage; but our passage is not so specific. P. MacKendrick on the other hand, divides it into four parts, 1217a, 17b22, 237, and 2830.24 Without wishing to dispute either of these schemes, I prefer myself to divide the passage into just two basic parts.

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